Page 4 of 7

Policies Affecting Japanese Americans

1868-1900 CONTRACT LABOR PERIOD
1901-1940 INCREASING IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION
1941-1951 WORLD WAR II AND INTERMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS
1952 - 1990 POST - WORLD WAR II AND THE MYTH OF THE MODEL MINORITY

 

CONTRACT LABOR

1876 Reciprocity treaty between Kingdom of Hawaii and United States
1898 Newlands Resolutions-Hawaii became U.S. territory

Census Bureau policy changed
1900 The organic Act of the territory of Hawaii [Back]

 

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION

1907 Proclamation of president Theodore Roosevelt-Japanese and Koreans issued passports for Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii were to be denied admission to continental United States
1908 Gentleman's Agreement
1921 Immigration Act (Johnson Act)
1923 U.S. Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of state Alien land Acts
1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act)
1934 Jones-Costigan Act [Back]

 

WORLD WAR II ANDINTERMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS

1941 Declaration of war on Japan

Martial law declared in Hawaii
1942 Executive Order No 9066-Internment authorized

War Relocation Authority (WRA) established
1943 U.S. War Department called for AJA volunteers
1943 -1944 U.S. Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of evacuation program and convictions of Yasui, Hirabayashi, and Korematsu, for violating curfew and relocation orders
1944 Military draft reinstated for AJAs

Renunciation Act passed by Congress

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (the "BI bill of rights")

First internment camp closed by WRA

U.S. government rescinded mass exclusion order
1945 U.S. military dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1946 Last internee left last internment camp
1947 Citizenship restored to some Japanese Americans who had renounced it
1948 Evacuation Claims Act [Back]

 

POST - WORLD WAR II AND THE MYTH OF THE MODEL MINORITY

1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act)
1959 Hawaii became fiftieth state
1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
1980 Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) established
1983 Korematsu's wartime conviction vacated
1984 Yasui's wartime conviction vacated
1987 U.S. Supreme Court vacated appeals court decision on Hohri et al. class action suit; remanded to federal circuit

U.S. Court of Appeals vacated Hirabayashi's wartime conviction
1988 Civil Liberties Act (usually referred to as the Reparations Act)

U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Hohri et al.
1990 Start of reparation payments

Immigration Act [Back]